♪ Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
Chronological subdivisions for popular music | Jazz and popular music subject heading subdivisions
From Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings (See the Manual for the complete instructions) | ||||
H 1916.5, 2: Geographic and chronological subdivisions: | ||||
Select the chronological subdivision on the basis of: | ||||
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H 1160, 3: Musical compositions: Geographic subdivisions: | ||||
This instruction sheet applies to headings representing musical forms and types of compositions, medium of performance, style, etc. Rock music is given as an example. The following instructions, excerpted from H 1160, apply to jazz and popular music subject headings: | ||||
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When both chronological and geographic subdivisions are used in a heading, the geographic subdivision comes before the chronological subdivision. |
Chronological subdivisions for popular music
For chronological subdivisions for classical music (i.e., western art music), see Chronological subdivisions [31]
Subject heading | Chronological subdivision |
Bluegrass music | --To 1951; 1951-1960 ... 1981-1990; 1991-2000; 2001-2010; 2011-2020 |
Blues (Music) | --To 1931; 1931-1930 ... 1981-1990; 1991-2000; 2001-2010; 2011-2020 |
Country music | --To 1951; 1951-1960 ... 1981-1990; 1991-2000; 2001-2010; 2011-2020 |
Jazz | --To 1921; 1921-1930 ... 1981-1990; 1991-2000; 2001-2010; 2011-2020 |
Popular instrumental music | --To 1901; 1901-1910 ... 1981-1990; 1991-2000; 2001-2010; 2011-2020 |
Popular music | --To 1901; 1901-1910 ... 1981-1990; 1991-2000; 2001-2010; 2011-2020 |
Rock music | --To 1961; 1961-1970 ... 1981-1990; 1991-2000; 2001-2010; 2011-2020 |
SOURCE: Music Cataloging Bulletin, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 4; LC Subject Cataloging Manual H 1619.6
Jazz and popular music subject heading subdivisions
Certain popular music styles and genres that originated in the United States are not subdivided by --United States. They may, however, when appropriate, be subdivided by regions, states, and cities of the United States.
Subject heading | Subdivide chronologically? | Subdivide by --United States if brought out in item |
Add 043 n-us--- when implied in the subject heading |
Big band music Bluegrass music Blues (Music) |
No Begin --To 1951 Begin --To 1931 |
No No No |
Yes Yes Yes |
Boogie Woogie (Music) Bop (Music) Calypso (Music) |
No No No |
No No Yes |
Yes Yes No |
Christian rock music Contemporary Christian music Country music |
No No Begin --To 1951 |
Yes Yes No |
No No Yes |
Disco music Dixieland music Doo-wop (Music) |
No No No |
Yes No No |
No Yes Yes |
Folk-rock music Funk (Music) Gospel music Honky-tonk music |
No No1 No No |
No No Yes/No2 No |
Yes No1 Yes Yes |
Jazz Jazz vocals Klezmer music |
Begin --To 1921 No No |
No No Yes |
Yes Yes No |
Old-time music Popular music Popular instrumental music Ragtime music |
No1 Begin --To 1901 Begin --To 1901 No |
No Yes Yes No |
Yes1 No No Yes |
Rap (Music) Reggae music Rhythm and blues music |
No No No |
No Yes No |
Yes No Yes |
Rock music Rockabilly music Salsa (Music) Soul music |
Begin --To 1961 No No No |
Yes No Yes No |
No Yes No Yes |
Steel band music Swing (Music) Western swing (Music) Women's music3 |
No No No |
Yes No No No |
No Yes Yes Yes |
1 Inferred from LC practice.
2 Original LC handout said no; however, LC Subject Cataloging Manual H 1619.6 does not list Gospel music as one of the headings not to be subdivided by "--United States."
3 Do not confuse with the subject headings Music by women composers and Feminist music Sources: LC handout, 1992 OLAC meeting; Music Cataloging Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 3, Mar. 2002; LC Subject Cataloging Manual H 1619.6
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
See also Subject subdivisions and qualifiers for music subject headings [5]
See Guide to the usage of LCSH free-floating form subdivisions [32] for a more complete list of subdivisions and their coding
Consult instruction sheet H 1160, Musical compositions: Pattern headings for musical compositions; includes guidelines for arranged works and subdivisions and list of free-floating subdivisions and form/topical subdivisions, in the Library of Congress' Subject Headings Manual.
The free-floating subdivisions listed here may be used as appropriate under headings for collections of music, individual musical works, and literature and other materials about music.
Use ‡v when the subdivision indicates what the item is, or the form of the item
Use ‡x when the subdivision indicates what the item is about, or the topic of the item
Subdivisions for musical compositions | Subdivisions for books about music
List of subdivisions arranged by ‡v and ‡x coding |
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subdivisions for musical compositions |
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Code as ‡v | Code as ‡x |
2-harpsichord scores 2-organ scores 2-piano scores 3-piano scores Cadenzas Chorus scores with piano Chorus scores without accompaniment Drama Excerpts Excerpts, Arranged Facsimiles Fake books Hymns Hymns ‡v Texts Instructive editions Instrumental settings Juvenile Juvenile ‡x Instruction and study ‡v Lead sheets ‡v Librettos Manuscripts ‡v Facsimiles Methods Methods ‡v Group instruction Methods ‡v Juvenile Methods ‡v Self-instruction Methods (Jazz [(Rock, Bluegrass, etc.]) Musical settings Orchestral excerpts Organ scores Parts Parts (solo) Piano scores Piano scores (4 hands) Scores Scores and parts Scores and parts (solo) Simplified editions Solo(s) with Songs and music Stories, plots, etc Studies and exercises Studies and exercises ‡x Juvenile Studies and exercises ‡x (Jazz, [Rock, Bluegrass, etc.]) Teaching pieces Texts Vocal scores with Vocal scores without accompaniment |
Instruction and study |
Code as ‡v | Code as ‡x |
Bibliography Bibliography ‡v Graded lists Discography Early works to 1800 Interpretation (Phrasing, dynamics, etc.) Music Stories, plots, etc. Thematic catalogs |
Analysis, appreciation Characters Discography ‡x Methodology First performances History and criticism Literary themes, motives Manuscripts ‡x Facsimiles Performances Production and direction |
H1161 Subdivisions for specific musical instruments or groups of musical instruments. This does not cover the subject heading "Musical instruments" |
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Code as ‡v | Code as ‡x |
Catalogs, Manufacturers' Catalogs and collections Chord diagrams Methods Methods ‡v Group instruction Methods ‡v Juvenile Methods ‡v Self-instruction Orchestra studies Studies and exercises Studies and exercises ‡v Juvenile |
Acoustics Construction Customizing Embouchure Fingering Fingering ‡v Charts, diagrams, etc. Instruction and study Instruction and study ‡v Juvenile Multiphonics Pedaling Performance Religious aspects Tuning |
Early works to 1800:
This free-floating form subdivision is used for early texts on a subject, as the last element in the subject heading. It is tagged in ‡v (not ‡y), as it is a form/topical subdivision, not a chronological subdivision [31].
Assign the subdivision to all editions of a work, including editions issued after 1800, as long as the original text has not been altered or reworked. Also assign the subdivision for literal translations of such texts, regardless of the date of the translation.
Do not use this subdivision under headings for musical compositions. Also, do not confuse this subdivision with the obsolete "To 1800," which once was added to subject headings for musical compositions.
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
Chorus subject headings | Local (non-LC) subject headings | Subject subdivisions for rare materials
It is Yale's practice to not add the number of voices to any chorus subject heading. We do follow LC practice for adding the subdivisions ‡v Scores, ‡v Scores and parts, etc.
See Those darn chorus subject headings [11] for an explanation of adding subdivisions to chorus subject headings.
Chorus subject headings should have the number of parts deleted:
650 _0 Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices |
When there are two or more subject headings with the number of parts included, deleting the number may result in identical subject headings. In that case, delete the number of parts from one of them and delete the other subject heading entirely:
650 _0 Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices |
A chorus subject heading such as this, in which the number of parts are indicated even though the accompaniment is an ensemble:
650 _0 Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices |
is incorrect, anyway, since you do not add the number of voices when there are eight or fewer with accompaniment of two or more instruments (other than two keyboard instruments or continuo). This subject heading should be:
650 _0 Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices) with instrumental ensemble ‡v Scores. |
There are non-Music Library records in ORBIS with chorus subject headings including the number of parts. Do not change these, unless they are incorrectly formulated.
Until July 2001, local subject headings were tagged as LC subject headings with second indicator 4. As of July 13, 2001, use 69X tags when assigning subject headings that are not LC headings, including headings that are assigned according to locally-developed (Yale) standards.
Former practice | Current practice | |
Personal names | 600 _4 | 692 _4 |
Corporate names | 610 _4 | 693 _4 |
Conference names | 611 _4 | 694 _4 |
Uniform titles | 630 _4 | 695 _4 |
Topical subjects | 650 _4 | 690 _4 |
Geographic subjects | 651 _4 | 691 _4 |
This is a list of subdivisions (‡x) applied to 600s and 610s in the Yale Music Library:
Add a 590 note, for example:
590 __ Purchased from J & J Lubrano with income from the Rose Jackson Fund, 1997.
590 __ Gift of Richard F. French, 1996.
590 __ From the Estate of Virgil Thomson.
We add these to rare materials when applicable, e.g.:
590 MUS : Signature of Lowell Mason on cover. 590 MUS : Lowell Mason bookplate: 2139. 692 Mason, Lowell, |d 1792-1872 ‡x Bookplate, 2139. 692 Mason, Lowell, |d 1792-1872 ‡x Signature. |
590 MUS: From the library of Newell Jenkins. 692 Jenkins, Newell ‡x Provenance. |
590 Bookplates on front endpaper: Rinck's Library ... Lowell Mason Library of Music 693 Rinck's Library ‡x Bookplate. |
or to non-rare materials when they are purchased from specific funds, e.g.:
590 MUS: Purchased with income from the Carl Miller Fund, 1991. 692 Miller, Carl S. ‡x Gift, 1991. |
§ Based in part on e-mail messages of July 13, 2001 from Martha Conway (for local (non-LC) subject headings) and of Nov. 4, 1997 from Helen Bartlett (for subject subdivisions for rare materials)
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
This page describes and links to music-specific instruction sheets in the Subject Cataloging Manual.
General instruction: Assign the heading that represents the predominant topic of the work as the first subject heading. (see H 80 Order of subject headings [34])
If the predominant topic cannot be represented by a single heading:
° assign as the first and second headings the two headings that, taken together, express the predominant topic.
° if one of the two more closely approximates the class number it is usually assigned first.
Overview | Assigning subject headings | Free-floating subdivisions
Source: List of the Subject Heading Manual PDF Files [35]
Overview |
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H 1916.3 [36] | Music: General | Overview of the assignment of subjects headings for all materials in the field of music ° musical form, genre, type, etc. ° medium of performance ° music for occasions ° music about a topic, person, or other named entity ° language of vocal text ° certain liturgical texts ° musical style ° music of ethnic, national, and religious groups ° musical presentation or format subdivisions ° geographic subdivisions ° literature and other materials about music ° instructional materials |
Assigning subject headings |
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Instruction sheet # and title | The type(s) of subject heading(s) covered | |
H 1917.5 [37] | Music form/genre headings: medium of performance | Headings for musical compositions, specifically, those music form/genre headings that include medium of performance
For more information, see medium of performance headings for instrumental music [38] | vocal music [39] |
H 1916.5 [40] | Jazz and popular music | Guidelines for assigning headings to jazz and popular music, and for using geographic and chronological subdivisions
For more information, see Chronological and geographic subdivisions for subject headings for jazz and popular music [10] |
H 1917 [41] | Music of ethnic, national, and religious groups | Headings for works that consist of or discuss the music of ethnic groups, music with national emphasis, religious music of certain groups, and non-Western art music, including works about the musical instruments of these groups. |
H 1918 [42] | Musical instruments | Guidance in establishing and using headings for the names of musical instruments and families of instruments. For free-floating subdivisions used with headings for musical instruments see H 1161. For musical instruments as the medium of performance in form/genre headings for musical compositions, see H 1917.5. |
H 1438 [43] | Composers and works about music of individual composers | Headings for works about specific compositions by a composer and works about a composer's compositions in a musical form or for a general or specific medium of performance
Refers to H 1110 [44]: Free-floating subdivisions: names of persons |
Free-floating subdivisions |
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Instruction sheet # and title | The type(s) of subject heading(s) covered | |
H 1160 [45] | Pattern headings for musical compositions | Free-floating subdivisions for: ° musical forms and types of compositions ° medium of performance, style, function, ° music for special seasons or occasions, ° musical settings of special texts, etc., ° headings including the subdivisions ° Hymns ° Music ° Musical settings ° Songs and music. Includes guidelines for arranged works and subdivisions and list of free-floating subdivisions and form/topical subdivisions. This category does not include the general heading Music. |
H 1161 [46] | Pattern headings for individual musical instruments | Includes free-floating subdivisions for headings for brands and models of instruments, and families of instruments
Includes a list of form subdivisions. This category does not include the general heading Musical instruments. |
H 2075 [47] | Songs and music | Guidelines on the use of the free-floating subdivisions "--Songs and music" for vocal or instrumental music Use for music that ° interprets or that is inspired by a person or geographic location ° is otherwise associated with the heading. "--Songs and music--History and criticism" Use for works that discuss the songs or music about a topic or entity |
H 2190 [48] | Texts | For vocal music, use the free-floating subdivision "--Texts" in headings for specific types of vocal music for works that contain the words to one or more songs, hymns, etc., without the music. |
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
See also: Subject headings for vocal music [4] | Subject subdivisions and qualifiers for music subject headings [5] | Coding for form and topic subdivisions [9]
Musical form/genre headings are used when the work is in a specific form and that form is found in LCSH. Some forms are found in LCSH: Sonatas, Rondos, Waltzes, etc., and others are not: Fantasies, Preludes.
The most specific form heading should be used when that form is found in LCSH. This means that in most cases, a single subject heading will sufficiently describe the work. For example, a sonata for piano will be assigned the subject heading Sonatas (Piano). To assign a second subject heading for medium of performance, such as Piano music, would be incorrect, since the first subject heading is more specific and sufficient.
Musical form/genre headings are usually qualified by medium of performance. The name of the instrument is enclosed in parentheses. When a parenthesis is the final element of a subject heading, there is no final period.
Examples:
650 0 Suites (Organ)
650 0 Rondos (Piano)
650 0 Sonatas (Cello [49])
650 0 Variations (Violin)
The form subject heading "Sonatas" is applied to music for one or two instruments only. When a work for three or more instruments is titled "Sonata," the uniform title may use that term as the initial title element, but the subject heading will be either "Trio sonatas" or a medium of performance heading (trios, quartets, etc.). A work titled "Sonata" for four violins would be assigned the subject heading: String quartets (Violins (4))
Musical form/genre headings that are not qualified by medium of performance
There are two reasons why a form heading would not be qualified by medium of performance:
1. because the medium of performance is implied in the form;
2. for some unknown, mysterious reason, the Library of Congress has decided that a particular form heading should not be qualified by medium of performance.
[» Note: It is not LCSH practice to bring out the medium of performance in the majority of headings assigned to popular music.]
1. Some form headings have an implied medium of performance and will not be qualified. The scope note under the heading in LCSH will indicate when the form heading is usually for a specific instrument and should not be qualified by the name of that instrument. When that same form is for a medium of performance other than the implied medium, that form heading is qualified by the name of the instrument(s):
010 sh 85024709 150 Chorale preludes 550 Chorales 680 Here are entered compositions originally written or arranged for organ. Similar compositions written for media other than organ receive the heading Chorale preludes, followed by specification of medium, e.g. Chorale preludes (Orchestra) |
Examples:
Sonatas (Piano) Symphonies. Symphonies (String orchestra) Chorale preludes. Chorale preludes (Orchestra) |
no medium is implied by "sonata" orchestra is implied since orchestra is implied by "Symphonies," any other medium must be specified organ is implied since organ is the medium implicit in "Chorale preludes," any other medium must be specified |
2. Some form headings cannot be qualified by medium of performance. The scope notes in LCSH indicate which form headings are never qualified by medium of performance, regardless of instrumentation:
010 sh 93006216 150 Toccatas 680 Here are entered works composed in the form of the toccata. Works on the toccata as a musical form are entered under Toccata. 680 A second heading for medium of performance is assigned if a specific medium of performance is given in the work. |
In these cases, a second heading for medium of performance is assigned. Neither subject heading by itself would completely describe the work. This is one circumstance under which more than one subject heading is assigned to describe one work:
650 0 Toccatas.
650 0 Organ music.
650 0 Pavans.
650 0 Harpsichord music.
650 0 Tarantellas.
650 0 Band music.
form subject headings that at time were qualified by medium of performance (and therefore require an additional heading for medium of performance) | form subject headings that were never qualified by medium of performance (and therefore require an additional heading for medium of performance) | types of compositions in forms for which there were never corresponding form subject headings (and therefore require medium of performance subject headings) | ||
dance forms such as:
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fanfares toccatas |
fantasies inventions nocturnes preludes ricercars |
Works for more than one instrument
When more than one instrument is involved, they are added to the form heading in parentheses in the following order: by instrument family name first, then within each family.
See the chart The order of instruments in subject headings [8]
Headings for two instruments use "and" to connect the names of the instruments:
650 0 Suites (Flute and violin)
650 0 Rondos (Violin and cello [49])
Headings for three or more instruments are given in the correct order, without the word "and":
650 0 Suites (Piano, flute, violin)
650 0 Rondos (Bassoon, clarinet, flute, horn, oboe)
650 0 Canons, fugues, etc. (Violin, viola, cello [49])
When there are two or more of one instrument, it is given in the plural and qualified by the number in parentheses:
650 0 Suites (Horn, trombone, trumpets (2), tuba)
650 0 Rondos (Cellos [49] (4))
650 0 Canons, fugues, etc. (Bassoons (8))
650 0 Sonatas (Unspecified instruments (2))
Headings for works for two instruments in which the keyboard instrument plays a chordal role (such as sonatas) or functions as the accompaniment, the keyboard instrument is given second, even though it is first on the list of instrumentation:
650 0 Sonatas (Flute and piano)
Medium of performance headings
Medium of performance headings are assigned to works that are not composed in a specific form of composition or in a form of composition not in LCSH (e.g., Polonaises, Fantasies, Preludes) or when the form heading in LCSH (e.g., Toccatas, Pavans, Galliards) is not to be qualified by medium of performance. Medium of performance headings for chamber music will usually include the names of the instruments or name of instrument families.
Form of the name of instruments in subject headings
Use "and" to connect the names of two solo instruments.
Use commas and no connecting word to connect the names of three or more solo instruments.
Use "with" preceding the name of a solo instrument or instrumental ensemble used as accompaniment.
The key of the instrument is not included in the subject heading. Use "clarinet" not "B♭ clarinet"; "trumpet" not "C trumpet," etc.
Instruments with indication of range (alto, tenor, bass, etc.) have different treatment in subject headings.
680 The term "[alto, tenor, bass, etc.] [name of instrument]" is used as a medium of performance in headings for works for one or two solo instruments. In headings for other works that include "[alto, tenor, bass, etc.] [name of instrument]", the generic term "[name of instrument]" is used as the medium of performance. |
bass clarinet, alto flute, bass trombone, contrabass clarinet, etc.: the term "bass clarinet," "alto flute," "bass trombone, "contrabass clarinet," etc., is used only in subject headings for works for one or two solo instruments, alone or accompanied by an ensemble. For headings for works for three or more instruments, the generic term "clarinet" is used.
680 Here are entered compositions not in a specific form or of a specific type for solo [alto, tenor, bass, etc.] [name of instrument], and collections of compositions in several forms or types for [alto, tenor, bass, etc.] [name of instrument]. |
contrabassoon, alto horn, treble viol, etc.: all subject headings for works including these instruments include the full name of the instrument, not the generic form, e.g.,: Brass quintets (Alto horn, baritone, cornets (2), tuba); Suites (Treble viols (2), tenor viol, continuo)
Subject authority records have been created for many, but not all, medium of performance subject headings. This is does not mean that only those headings with authority records are valid for use. However, the name of the instrument(s) and ensemble must have been established. For example, the following subject headings: "Piccolo and saxophone music" and "Cello [49] with percussion ensemble" have not been established. They are valid subject headings because "piccolo," "saxophone," and "cello [49]" have all been established in subject heading records, as has "percussion ensembles." Note that the latter is in plural form in the subject authority record; it is used in the singular when it is an accompanying ensemble.
Examples of form and medium of performance subject headings
one to two instruments: like instruments | different instruments | one chordal and one other
three to nine instruments in standard chamber combinations | other chamber combinations: number of instruments: three | four | five | six | seven | eight | nine
Ten or more instruments: one to a part | two or more to a part
Large ensembles: Band or orchestra | One or more instruments accompanied by large ensemble
One to Two Instruments (See also Percussion music) | |
One to two like instruments | |
Unaccompanied works for solo instruments: the qualifier ", Unaccompanied" is not added to headings for instrumental music. It is added only to certain vocal subject headings [50] | |
If the work is a specific type for one instrument, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name of the instrument: | Sonatas (Piano)
Suites (Violin) |
If the work is not a specific type for one instrument, use the medium of performance as the subject heading followed by "music": | Piano music
Violin music |
If the work is a specific type for two of the same instrument, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name of the instrument: | Sonatas (Pianos (2))
Suites (Violins (2)) |
If the work is not a specific type for two of the same instrument, use the medium of performance as the subject heading followed by "music" and qualified to indicate two of the instruments: | Piano music (Pianos (2))
Violin music (Violins (2)) |
A work not of a specific type for two pianos being performed by one person is assigned the subject heading: | Piano music (Pianos (2), 1 performer) |
Two different instruments | |
If the work is a specific type for two different instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the names of the instruments. The names of the instruments will be connected by the word "and": | Rondos (Flute and oboe)
Suites (Horn and viola) |
If the work is not a specific type for two different instruments, use the medium of performance as the subject heading. The names of the instruments will be connected by the word "and" and followed by "music": | Flute and oboe music
Horn and viola music |
One chordal instrument and one other instrument | |
If the work is a specific type and the keyboard/plectral instrument plays a chordal role, use the subject heading for that type and name the keyboard/plectral instrument second: | Sonatas (Flute and piano)
Suites (Violin and harp) |
If the work is not a specific type and the keyboard/plectral instrument plays a chordal role, use the medium of performance as the subject heading. The names of the instruments will be connected by the word "and", with the keyboard/plectral instrument named second: | Flute and piano music
Horn and piano music |
Three to Nine Instruments | |
Standard chamber combinations (Standard chamber combinations are no longer used in statements of medium of performance in authorized access points for musical works and expressions. (See Standard chamber combinations [51] for an explanation.) However, the names of standard chamber combinations are still used in LCSH. |
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For the following standard chamber combinations, use the subject headings in the right-hand column when the work is not a specific type of composition. Do not specify instruments when the ensemble is a standard chamber ensemble. Woodwind quartets and Wind quintets do not fall into this category for subject headings as they do for uniform titles. | |
Piano, violin, cello [49]
Piano, violin, viola, cello [49] Piano, 2 violins, viola, cello [49] violin, viola, cello [49] 2 violins, viola, cello [49] |
Piano trios
Piano quartets Piano quintets String trios String quartets |
When the work is a specific type of composition (with the exception of sonatas), use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the medium of performance, using the terms from the right-hand column above in the singular form: | Rondos (Piano trio)
Suites (Piano quartet) Variations (String trio) |
Standard chamber combination functioning as accompanying ensemble | |
The names of standard chamber combination are not used when the group is an accompanying ensemble. For example, a subject heading with medium of performance for a work with string quartet accompaniment would include "with string ensemble" not "with string quartet." The scope note in the subject authority record for String ensembles (sh 85129012) is: "When used for an accompanying ensemble in headings with medium of performance, the term "string ensemble" stands for two or more bowed stringed instruments." Similarly, "with instrumental ensemble" is used in headings with medium of performance when the accompaniment is for two or more solo instruments belonging to different families. A subject heading with medium of performance for a work with piano trio accompaniment would include "with instrumental ensemble" not "with piano trio." |
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Other chamber combinations | |
The following combinations of three to nine instruments are not standard chamber combinations. Specify the name and number when applicable of each instrument in the subject heading. The number of percussion instruments is not specified. See also One performer playing one piano, 1 hand with two to eight other instruments | |
Three instruments | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for three instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the instruments: | Rondos (Flutes (3))
Suites (Horns (2), oboe) |
If the work is not a specific type for three of the same instruments, use "trios" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instrument and the number: | String trios (Violins (3))
Woodwind trios (Oboes (3)) |
If the work is not a specific type for three different instruments from the same family, use "trios" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | String trios (Violins (2), viola)
Wind trios (Oboes (2), trumpet) |
If the work is not a specific type for three different instruments from different families, use "Trios" as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | Trios (Flute, violin, viola)
Trios (Piano, horns (2)) |
Four instruments | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for four instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the instruments: | Rondos (Flutes (4))
Suites (Flute, horns (2), violin) |
If the work is not a specific type for four of the same instruments, use "quartets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instrument and the number: | String quartets (Violins (4))
Brass quartets (Horns (4)) |
If the work is not a specific type for four different instruments from the same family, use "quartets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | String quartets (Violins (2), violas (2))
Wind quartets (Oboes (3), trumpet) |
If the work is not a specific type for four different instruments from different families, use "Quartets" as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | Quartets (Flute, oboe, violin, viola)
Quartets (Piano, horns (2), violin) |
Five instruments | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for five instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the instruments: | Rondos (Flutes (5))
Suites (Horns (3), oboes (2)) |
If the work is not a specific type for five of the same instruments, use "quintets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instrument and the number: | String quintets (Violins (5))
Woodwind quintets (Oboes (5)) |
If the work is not a specific type for five different instruments from the same family, use "quintets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | String quintets (Violins (3), viola, cello [49])
Woodwind quintets (Bassoons (2), flute, oboes (2)) |
If the work is not a specific type for five different instruments from different families, use "Quintets" as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | Quintets (Flute, oboe, trumpet, violin, viola)
Quintets (Piano, horns (2), violas (2)) |
Six instruments | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for six instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the instruments: | Rondos (Flutes (6))
Suites (Horns (4), oboes (2)) |
If the work is not a specific type for six of the same instruments, use "sextets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instrument and the number: | String sextets (Violins (6))
Woodwind sextets (Oboes (6)) |
If the work is not a specific type for six different instruments from the same family, use "sextets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | String sextets (Violins (3), violas (2), cello [49])
Brass sextets (Horns (2), trombones (2), trumpet) |
If the work is not a specific type for six different instruments from different families, use "Sextets" as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | Sextets (Bassoon, flute, oboe, trumpet, violin, viola)
Sextets (Piano, flute, horns (2), violas (2)) |
Seven instruments | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for seven instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the instruments: | Rondos (Flutes (7))
Suites (Horns (2), oboes (2), violins (3)) |
If the work is not a specific type for seven of the same instruments, use "septets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instrument and the number: | String septets (Violins (7))
Brass septets (Horns (7)) |
If the work is not a specific type for seven different instruments from the same family, use "septets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | String septets (Violins (3), viola (2), cellos [49] (2))
Wind septets (Horns (4), oboes (2), trumpets) |
If the work is not a specific type for seven different instruments from different families, use "Septets" as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each (except for percussion): | Septets (Flute, oboes (2), trumpet, violin, violas (2))
Septets (Piano, clarinet, horns (2), percussion, violas (2)) |
Eight instruments | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for eight instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the instruments: | Rondos (Flutes (8))
Suites (Horns (2), oboes (2), violins (2), violas (2)) |
If the work is not a specific type for eight of the same instruments, use "octets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instrument and the number: | String octets (Violins (8))
Plucked instrument octets (Guitars (8)) |
If the work is not a specific type for eight different instruments from the same family, use "octets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | String octets (Violins (4), viola (2), cellos [49] (2))
Wind octets (Flutes (2), horns (4), oboes (2)) |
If the work is not a specific type for eight different instruments from different families, use "Octets" as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each (except for percussion): | Octets (Flute, oboes (2), percussion, violins (2), viola)
Octets (Piano, clarinet, flute, oboe, horn, tuba, violin, viola) |
Nine instruments | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for nine instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the instruments: | Rondos (Flutes (9))
Suites (Flutes (2), horns (2), oboes (2), violins (2), violas (2)) |
If the work is not a specific type for nine of the same instruments, use "nonets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instrument and the number: | String nonets (Violins (9))
Woodwind nonets (Oboes (9)) |
If the work is not a specific type for nine different instruments from the same family, use "nonets" preceded by the instrument family name as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | String nonets (Violins (3), viola (3), cellos [49] (3))
Brass nonets (Baritones (2), horns (4), trumpets (3)) |
If the work is not a specific type for nine different instruments from different families, use "Nonets" as the subject heading. Name the instruments and the number of each: | Nonets (Flutes (2), oboes (2), trumpet, violins (2), violas (2))
Nonets (Piano, bassoon, clarinet, flute, oboe, horn, tuba, violin, viola) |
Ten or More Instruments | |
One to a part | |
Ensembles of ten or more solo instruments are given a term to describe the group of instruments, followed by "ensembles." The specific instrumentation is not designated. | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for ten or more of the same solo instrument, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the descriptive term for the ensemble followed by "ensemble": | Rondos (Flute ensemble)
Suites (Violin ensemble) |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for ten or more different solo instruments from the same family, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the descriptive term for the ensemble followed by "ensemble": | Rondos (Brass ensemble)
Suites (Woodwind ensemble) |
If the work is not a specific type for ten or more of the same solo instrument, use the descriptive term for the ensemble followed by "ensembles": | Flute ensembles
Violin ensembles |
If the work is not a specific type for ten or more different solo instruments from the same family, use the descriptive term for the ensemble followed by "ensembles": | Wind ensembles
String ensembles |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for ten or more different solo instruments from the different families, use the descriptive term for the ensemble followed by "ensembles": | Rondos (Instrumental ensemble)
Suites (Instrumental ensemble) |
If the work is not a specific type for ten or more different solo instruments from the different families, use the subject heading "Instrumental ensembles": | Instrumental ensembles |
Two or more to a part | |
Ensembles of ten or more of the same instruments, two or more to a part, are given the name of the instrument, followed by "choirs."
For ensembles ten or more different instruments, two or more to a part, follow the instructions for ten or more instruments, one to a part. |
|
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for ten or more of the same non-solo instrument, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the descriptive term for the ensemble followed by "choir": | Rondos (Flute choir)
Suites (Violin choir) |
If the work is not a specific type for ten or more of the same non-solo instrument, use the name of the instrument followed by "choir music": | Clarinet choir music
Violin choir music |
Large ensembles | |
Band or orchestra | |
If the work is a specific type for a large ensemble, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name of the ensemble. Note that orchestra is the implied medium of performance for "Symphonies"; it is not qualified unless it is for another medium of performance: | Rondos (Orchestra)
Suites (Band) Symphonies Symphonies (String orchestra) |
If the work is not a specific type for a large ensemble, use the medium of performance followed by "music": | Brass band music
Orchestral music String orchestra music |
One or more instruments accompanied by large ensemble | |
Concertos* and concertinos accompanied by orchestra | |
If the work is a concerto or concertino for one or more solo instruments with accompaniment of orchestra, use "Concertos," qualified by the name(s) and number of the solo instrument(s). Orchestral accompaniment is not indicated: | Concertos (Violin)
Concertos (Pianos (2)) Concertos (Violin and viola) Concertos (Percussion) (The word "percussion" may stand for any number of percussionists. See Percussion music) |
If the work is a concerto or concertino for a standard chamber combination with accompaniment of orchestra, use "Concertos," qualified by the name of the standard chamber ensemble. Orchestral accompaniment is not indicated: | Concertos (Piano trio)
Concertos (String quartet) |
Concertos and concertinos accompanied with accompaniment other than orchestra | |
If the work is a concerto or concertino for one or more solo instruments with accompaniment other than orchestra, use "Concertos," qualified by the name(s) and number of the solo instrument(s), followed by "with" and the accompaniment: | Concertos (Violin with string orchestra)
Concertos (Trombone and trumpet with brass band) Concertos (Piano with clarinet choir) |
If the work is a concerto or concertino for a standard chamber combination with accompaniment other than orchestra, use "Concertos," qualified by the name of the standard chamber ensemble, followed by "with" and the accompaniment: | Concertos (Piano quartet with string orchestra)
Concertos (String quartet with band) |
Works in forms other than concertos and concertinos | |
If the work is a specific type other than concerto or concertino for one or more solo instrument accompanied by large ensemble, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the solo instrument(s), followed by "with" and the accompaniment: | Variations (Piano with orchestra)
Potpourris (Violin with chamber orchestra) Rondos (Flute with flute choir) |
If the work is a specific type other than a concerto or concertino for a standard chamber combination with accompaniment of large ensemble, use the subject heading for that type, the name of that standard chamber ensemble, followed by "with" and the accompaniment: | Canons, fugues, etc. (String trio with string orchestra)
Variations (String quartet with string orchestra) |
Works not in a specific form | |
If the work is not a specific type for one or more solo instrument accompanied by large ensemble, use the name(s) of the solo instrument(s), qualified by number if applicable, and subject heading for that type, qualified by the name(s) and number of the solo instrument(s) followed by "with" and the accompaniment: | Pianos (2) with orchestra Horns (4) with chamber orchestra Violin and viola with string orchestra Violin, viola, cello [49], double bass with string orchestra Bass trombone with trombone choir |
If the work is not a specific type for a standard chamber combination accompanied by a large ensemble, use the subject heading for that type, the name of that standard chamber ensemble: | Piano quintet with string orchestra.
String quartet with orchestra |
*H 1917.5, 5e: "Concerto headings are not assigned to chamber music, where there is one player to a part, even if the composer has used the term "concerto"."
The name of the accompanying ensemble:
H 1917.5 10. b.: "accompanying instruments are indicated by the appropriate term for the type of ensemble." (e.g.: "... with woodwind ensemble")
H1917.5 4.b.(5) on p.9 Non keyboard accompaniment. When indicating non-keyboard accompaniment (accompaniment follows the connecting word with & ) in both instrumental and vocal headings, ensemble usually stands for 2 more instruments.
H 1917.5 4.a.(2) (a) on p. 7 Ensembles of different instruments
Keyboard (harpsichord, piano, organ, etc.) music
Music for one or more performers, 1 or more hands, 1 or more piano(s): One performer: 1 piano | 2 pianos | Two or more performers: 1 piano
Two performers: 2 pianos | Three or more performers: 2 pianos | 3 or more pianos
Prepared piano music
The subject heading "Piano music" can be qualified by number of hands when other than 2 hands. The default (no indication of number of hands) is 2 hands per performer: Piano music = for 2 hands Piano music (Pianos (2)) = for 2 performers on two pianos Otherwise, the number of hands is indicated Piano music (1 hand) Piano music (3 hands) Piano music (4 hands) = for 2 performers on one piano Piano music (6 hands) |
|
One performer, 1 piano | |
One performer playing one piano, 2 hands | |
If the work is a specific type for one performer playing one piano, 2 hands, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "piano": | Suites (Piano)
Sonatas (Piano) |
If the work is not a specific type for one performer playing one piano, 2 hands, use the medium of performance "Piano" as the subject heading followed by "music": | Piano music |
One performer playing one piano, 1 hand | |
If the work is a specific type for one performer playing one piano, 1 hand, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "piano, 1 hand": | Suites (Piano, 1 hand)
Sonatas (Piano, 1 hand) |
If the work is not a specific type for one performer playing one piano, 1 hand, use the medium of performance "Piano" as the subject heading followed by "music (1 hand)": | Piano music (1 hand) |
One performer playing one piano, 1 hand with two to eight other instruments | |
For chamber works requiring piano, 1 hand (one performer) and other instruments, use "piano (1 hand)": | Quintets (Piano (1 hand), violins (2), viola, cello [49]) Suites (Piano (1 hand), violins (2), cello [49]) |
One performer, 2 pianos | |
If the work is a specific type for one performer playing two pianos, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Pianos (2), 1 performer": | Concertos (Pianos (2), 1 performer) |
If the work is not a specific type for one performer playing two pianos, use the medium of performance "Piano" as the subject heading followed by "music (Pianos (2), 1 performer)": | Piano music (Pianos (2), 1 performer) |
Two or more performers, 1 piano | |
Two or more performers playing one piano, 3 or more hands | |
If the work is a specific type for two or more performers playing one piano, 3 or more hands, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Piano, __ hands": | Suites (Piano, 4 hands)
Sonatas (Piano, 3 hands) |
If the work is not a specific type for one performers playing one piano, 3 or more hands, use the medium of performance "Piano" as the subject heading followed by "music (__ hands)": | Piano music (3 hands)
Piano music (8 hands) |
Two performers, 2 pianos | |
Two performers playing two pianos, 1 hand each | |
If the work is a specific type for two performers playing two pianos, 1 hand each, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Pianos (2), 1 hand each": | Concertos (Pianos (2), 1 hand each) |
If the work is not a specific type for two performers playing two pianos, 4 hands, use the medium of performance "Piano" as the subject heading followed by "music (Pianos (2), 1 hand each)": | Piano music (Pianos (2), 1 hand each) |
Two performers playing two pianos, 4 hands | |
If the work is a specific type for two performers playing two pianos, 4 hands, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Pianos (2)": | Suites (Pianos (2))
Sonatas (Pianos (2)) |
If the work is not a specific type for two performers playing two pianos, 4 hands, use the medium of performance "Piano" as the subject heading followed by "music (Pianos (2))": | Piano music (Pianos (2)) |
Two performers playing two pianos, 3 hands | |
If the work is a specific type for two performers playing two pianos, 3 hands, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Pianos (2), 3 hands": | Concertos (Pianos (2), 3 hands) |
If the work is not a specific type for two performers playing two pianos, 3 hands, use the medium of performance "Piano" as the subject heading followed by "music (Pianos (2), 3 hands)": | Piano music (Pianos (2), 3 hands) |
Three or more performers, 2 pianos | |
If the work is a specific type for three or more performers playing two pianos, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Pianos (2), __ hands": | Suites (Pianos (2), 6 hands)
Rondos (Pianos (2), 8 hands) |
If the work is not a specific type for two or more performers playing two pianos, use the medium of performance "Piano" as the subject heading followed by "music (Pianos (2), __ hands)": | Piano music (Pianos (2), 8 hands)
Piano music (Pianos (2), 5 hands) |
Three or more performers, 3 or more pianos | |
If the work is a specific type for three or more performers playing three or more pianos, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Piano ensemble": | Suites (Piano ensemble)
Variations (Piano ensemble) |
If the work is not a specific type for three or more performers playing three or more pianos, use the medium of performance "Piano ensembles" as the subject heading: | Piano ensembles |
Prepared piano music | |
"Prepared piano" refers to a piano whose sound has been altered by attaching objects such as clips, paper, rubber, or felt to the strings; mis-tuning the unison strings; etc. | The subject heading "Prepared piano music" can be qualified by number of hands when other than 2 hands. The default (no indication of number of hands) is 2 hands per performer: Prepared piano music = for 2 hands Prepared piano music (Prepared pianos (2)) = for 2 performers on two prepared pianos Otherwise, the number of hands is indicated Prepared piano music (1 hand) Prepared piano music (3 hands) |
Music for percussion instruments is treated differently in LCSH. According to the scope in the subject authority record for "Percussion music," the heading "The word 'percussion' may stand for any number of percussionists when used as a medium of performance or as accompaniment ... e.g., Concertos (Percussion); Percussion with orchestra; Songs with percussion"
There are different subject headings for works requiring one percussionist playing one instrument, one percussionist playing two or more instruments, and two or more percussionists, each playing one or more instruments. Subject headings for works including percussion and non-percussion instruments follow a different practice than that explained above (see works for more than one instrument).
Music for 1 or more performers playing 1 or more percussion instrument:
One percussionist: 1 instrument | 2 or more instruments
Two or more percussionists: one instrument | two or more instruments
Indicating number of percussion instruments
One percussionist | |
One percussionist playing one instrument | |
If the work is a specific type for one percussionist playing one percussion instrument, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the name of the instrument: | Suites (Marimba)
Sonatas (Timpani) |
If the work is not a specific type for one percussionist playing one percussion instrument, use the name of the instrument as a medium of performance heading as the subject heading followed by "music": | Snare drum music
Xylophone music |
Music for one percussionist playing one unspecified solo percussion instrument and for collections of compositions for several different solo percussion instruments: | Percussion instrument music |
Chimes vs. tubular bells: "Chimes" is a generic subject heading; "Tubular bells" is a specific kind of chimes. Both are subject headings. The former term is used when no specific kind of chimes is indicated. When tubular bells are specified, use "tubular bells." Source: e-mail from G. Ostrove, CPSO, Nov. 21, 2005 |
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One percussionist playing two or more instruments | |
If the work is a specific type for one percussionist playing two or more percussion instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the "percussion": | Rondos (Percussion)
Sonatas (Percussion) |
If the work is not a specific type for one percussionist playing two or more percussion instruments, use the medium of performance "Percussion" as the subject heading followed by "music": | Percussion music |
Two or more percussionists | |
Two percussionists playing one instrument | |
If the work is a specific type for two percussionists playing one instrument, use the subject heading for that type, qualified the name of the instrument followed by "(__ hands)": | Sonatas (Marimba, 4 hands) |
If the work is not a specific type for two percussionists playing one instruments, use the medium of performance followed by "music (__ hands)": | Marimba music (4 hands) |
Two or more percussionists, each playing one or more instruments | |
If the work is a specific type (with the exception of sonatas) for two or more percussionists, each playing one or more instruments, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Percussion ensemble": | Suites (Percussion ensemble)
Sonatas (Percussion ensemble) |
If the work is not a specific type for two or more percussionists, each playing one or more instruments, use the subject heading "Percussion ensembles": | Percussion ensembles |
Indicating number of percussion instruments
In subject headings for chamber combinations that include percussion, the number of percussion instruments is not indicated | |
In this subject heading there is only one percussionist: Quintets (Percussion, violins (2), viola, cello [49])
In this subject heading there are three percussionists: Quartets (Percussion, viola) |
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a sonata for flute and marimba
a sonata for flute and one percussionist playing two or more instruments |
Sonatas (Flute and marimba)
Sonatas (Flute and percussion) |
a quintet for string quartet and marimba
a quintet for flute, bass clarinet, tubular bells, violin, and cello a quintet for string quartet and one percussionist playing two or more instruments a quintet for violin, viola, cello, and 2 marimbas a quintet for violin, viola, cello, and two percussionists playing two or more instruments a quintet for violin, viola, cello, and two percussionists, one playing timpani, the other playing marimba |
Quintets (Marimba, violins (2), viola, cello [49])
Quintets (Clarinet, flute, tubular bells, violin, cello [49]) Quintets (Percussion, violins (2), viola, cello [49]) Quintets (Marimbas (2), violin, viola, cello [49]) Quintets (Percussion, violin, viola, cello [49]) Quintets (Marimba, timpani, violin, viola, cello [49]) |
Music using non-musical instruments as instruments
The heading "Sound effects music" for music produced by means of various objects or devices not normally regarded as musical instruments.
See MCB, vol. 44, no. 1 [52] for a discussion of establishing subject headings for natural objects such as leaves, tree branches, sand, rocks, water, etc., taken "out of the wild" and used as musical instruments.
>
Music for solo non-musical instrument | |
If the work is not a specific type for a specific non-musical instrument, use the subject heading for that medium, followed by "music": | Glass music
Leaf music Computer music |
Duets with one non-musical instrument and one traditional instrument or soloist | |
For works not of a specific type for one non-musical instrument and one traditional instrument or soloist use the names of both followed by "music" following the order of instruments in subject headings [8]. | Balloon and electronic music
Radio receiver and piano music Guitar and computer music |
Works for one or more non-musical instrument and two or more traditional instruments or soloists | |
For works not of a specific type for one non-musical instrument and two or more traditional instruments or soloists, use a form heading qualified by the names of the instruments following the order of instruments in subject headings [8]. | Trios (Electronics, sound effects)
Quartets (Clarinet, flute, computer, double bass) Sextets (Clarinet, flute, keyboard controller, mallet controller, violin, cello [49]) Septets (Piano, clarinet, flute, radio receiver, xylorimba, violin, cello [49]) |
Works for one non-musical instrument and accompanying ensemble | |
For works of a specific type for one non-musical instrument and accompanying ensemble, use the subject heading for that type qualified by the names of the non-traditional instrument. When the type is "concerto," specify the accompanying ensemble only with it is not orchestra: | Concertos (Cellular telephone)
Concertos (Saxophone and computer with chamber orchestra) |
Works for two or more non-musical instruments of the same kind | |
For works either of a specific type for two or more non-musical instruments of the same kind, use the name of the instrument in the plural, qualified by number: | Overtures (Computers (2))
Overtures (Tin cans (4)) |
Works for two or more different non-musical instruments | |
For works not of a specific type for two or more different non-musical instruments, use the heading "Sound effects music": | Sound effects music |
Works for soloist and two or more non-musical instruments as accompaniment | |
Use "sound effects" as the name of the accompaniment: | Songs (High voice) with sound effects
Vocal quartets with computer. |
Those darn electronic music headings!
Usual LC practice for pieces with tape is to treat "electronics" as an instrument. For a work for 4 percussionists and tape, the heading would be Quintets (Electronics, percussion) and the class would be M585. Since "electronics" appears in the Quintets heading, there is no need to add the second heading Electronic music. Current practice is to add Electronic music as a second heading only when the electronic element is not brought out in the main form/genre heading.
Source: very slightly modified from a message from Joe Bartl, LC, posted June 27, 2012, on MOUG-L
Solo electronic music | |
If the work is a specific type for electronics, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "Electronics" enclosed in parenthesis: | Suites (Electronics)
Canons, fugues, etc. (Electronics) |
If the work is not a specific type for electronics, use "Electronic music" as the heading: | Electronic music |
Duets with one traditional instrument or soloist | |
For works either of a specific type or not of a specific type for electronics and one traditional instrument or soloist use "____________ and electronic music" or "Electronic and ____________ music," following the order of instruments in subject headings [8]. | Flute and electronic music
Electronic and percussion music |
Works for electronics and chordal instrument | |
For works not of a specific type for electronics and one chordal instrument the name of the chordal instrument followed by "and electronic music": | Harpsichord and electronic music
Organ and electronic music Piano and electronic music |
Works for electronics and two or more other instruments | |
Following the order of instruments in subject headings [8], use "electronics": | |
If the work is a specific type, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by the names of the instruments: | Canons, fugues, etc. (Electronics, violin, viola, cello [49]) |
If the work is not a specific type, use a form heading qualified by the names of the instruments: | Trios (Clarinet, flute, electronics)
Octets (Piano, clarinet, flute, harp, electronics, percussion, violin, cello [49]) Septets (Electronics, percussion) |
Works for electronics and large ensemble | |
Following the order of instruments in subject headings [8], use "electronics": | |
If the work is a specific type, use the subject heading for that type, qualified by "electronics" enclosed in parenthesis: | Concertos (Electronics) |
If the work is not a specific type, use a medium of performance heading that includes "electronics": | Electronics with string orchestra Recorder and electronics with orchestra Piano and electronics with orchestra |
"Electronics" as an accompanying ensemble | |
Use "electronics" as the name of the accompanying ensemble: | Vocal ensembles with electronics
Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices) with electronics |
Music with audience participation
For works in which audience members are required to participate, use a subject heading for the non-audience performers and an additional subject heading "Music with audience participation": | Piano music
Music with audience participation |
LCSCM H1160: The qualifier ", Arranged" is added to subject headings for works that have been arranged. When it is added to a subject heading that includes medium of performance, the subject heading will be for the arranged medium of performance. This varies from practice for uniform titles. With a uniform title for a work that has been arranged, and AACR2 Chapter 25 requires that the uniform title include the original medium of performance, followed by ";‡o arranged"
See comparisons of music uniform titles and music subject headings: arrangements [53] and uniform title/subject heading combinations: arrangements [54] for more information.
When to use and when not to use the qualifier ", Arranged"
Instrumental music
650 0 Organ music, Arranged. 650 0 Suites (Organ), Arranged. 650 0 Toccatas. |
It is not added to the subject heading "Toccatas" because that subject heading is not qualified by medium of performance The qualifier is not added to subject headings for instrumental music in which the medium of performance is not given.
650 0 Incidental music, Arranged. 650 0 Motion picture music, Arranged. |
650 0 Fanfares. 650 0 Waltzes. |
A second subject heading with the arranged medium of performance would be assigned:
650 0 Fanfares. 650 0 Trumpet and piano music, Arranged. |
Vocal music
"‡v Instrumental settings" is generally used for vocal forms arranged for an instrumental medium:
650 0 Brass octets (Trombones (8)), Arranged ‡v Scores and parts. 650 0 Madrigals, Italian ‡v Instrumental settings. |
Other
650 0 Symphonies ‡v Excerpts, Arranged. |
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
CHORUSES |
CANTATAS |
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Indication of secular/sacred:
|
Choruses, Secular |
Cantatas, Secular |
Indication of type of voice:
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Single works: Choruses, Secular (Women's voices) Choruses, Sacred (Equal voices) Choruses, Secular (Unison) |
Single works: Cantatas, Secular (Women's voices) Cantatas, Sacred (Equal voices) Cantatas, Secular (Unison) Cantatas, Secular ["Mixed voices" is implicit for single works for mixed voices.] |
Collections: Choruses, Sacred (Men's voices) [all for men's voices] Choruses, Secular [for various types of voices] |
Collections: Cantatas, Sacred (Men's voices) [all for men's voices] Cantatas, Secular [for various types of voices] |
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Indicate number of parts? | Yes, when applicable; see Chorus subject headings [11] Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts) --------------------------- Note: It is Yale's practice [56] to not add the number of voices to any chorus subject heading. |
No Cantatas, Secular (Men's voices) |
Indicate accompaniment or lack of accompaniment? |
Yes, when applicable; see Chorus subject headings [11] Choruses, Secular (Men's voices) with orchestra Choruses, Sacred (Children's voices) with instrumental ensemble Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices), Unaccompanied |
No Cantatas, Secular (Men's voices) Choruses, Sacred (Children's voices) Cantatas, Secular |
Add "Arranged" for works arranged for chorus? | No. "Arranged" is added only to subject headings for instrumental music. | No. "Arranged" is added only to subject headings for instrumental music. |
Add ‡v for format subdivision? | Yes, when applicable; see Chorus subject headings [11] Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices) with band ‡v Scores. |
Yes Cantatas, Secular (Women's voices) ‡v Scores. |
VOCAL ENSEMBLES |
VOCAL ENSEMBLES |
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Indication of secular/sacred:
|
Vocal quartets |
Vocal ensembles |
Indication of type of voice: | Type of voice is not indicated | Type of voice is not indicated |
Indicate accompaniment or lack of accompaniment? |
Yes. Vocal septets with instrumental ensemble Sacred vocal trios with continuo Vocal quintets, Unaccompanied |
Yes. Vocal ensembles with electronics Vocal ensembles with flute Sacred vocal ensembles, Unaccompanied |
Add "Arranged" for works arranged for vocal ensemble? | No. "Arranged" is added only to subject headings for instrumental music. | No. "Arranged" is added only to subject headings for instrumental music. |
Add ‡v for format subdivision? | No when:
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No when:
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Yes when accompanied by:
|
Yes when accompanied by:
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SONGS |
SOLO CANTATAS |
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Indication of secular/sacred:
|
Secular is implied for songs; do not invert for sacred songs.
Songs Sacred songs |
Neither is implied for solo cantatas; invert to designate secular or sacred
Solo cantatas, Secular Solo cantatas, Sacred |
Indication of type of voice:?
|
Songs (High voice)
Sacred songs (Medium voice) |
Solo cantatas, Secular (High voice)
Solo cantatas, Sacred (Medium voice) |
Indicate accompaniment or lack of accompaniment? | Yes
Songs (Low voice) with piano Sacred songs (High voice), Unaccompanied. |
No
Solo cantatas, Secular (Low voice) Solo cantatas, Sacred (High voice) |
Add "Arranged" for works arranged for solo voice? | No. "Arranged" is added only to subject headings for instrumental music. | No. "Arranged" is added only to subject headings for instrumental music. |
Add ‡v for format subdivision? | No when:
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No when:
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Yes when accompanied by:
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Yes when accompanied by:
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Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
See also: Subject headings for instrumental music [3] | Subject subdivisions and qualifiers for music subject headings [5] | Coding for form and topic subdivisions [9]
Instrumental accompaniment of vocal works | Subject headings for liturgical works
Works for one voice with or without accompaniment: Songs | Accompaniment | Solo cantatas | Accompaniment
Works for two or more voices, one to a part with or without accompaniment: Accompaniment
Works for two or more voices, two or more to a part with or without accompaniment: Choruses | Accompaniment | Cantatas | Accompaniment | Oratorios | Accompaniment
Unaccompanied works
Musicals and revues
Arrangements
Qualifying by language of text
Vocal music is assigned form headings or medium of performance headings just as instrumental music is. | ||
Form headings |
Medium of performance headings |
|
Songs Oratorios Cantatas Masses |
Vocal trios, Unaccompanied Choruses Vocal duets with harp Sacred vocal ensembles |
|
Form heading are usually qualified by medium of performance (vocal range or vocal grouping) unless it is implied: | ||
Choruses (Mixed voices) | no vocal group is implied; it must be stated | |
Songs (High voice) | no vocal range is implied; it must be stated | |
Masses | chorus is implied | |
Subject headings for vocal music may also indicate: | ||
number of voices: | Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts [11]) | |
type of accompaniment: | _________________________ with piano Unaccompanied |
|
secular or sacred use: | Choruses, Secular Songs [secular is implied] Vocal trios [secular is implied] Secular oratorios |
Choruses, Sacred Sacred songs Sacred vocal trios Oratorios [sacred is implied] |
Medium of performance headings are not assigned to works that are
[» Note: It is not LCSH practice to bring out the medium of performance in the majority of headings assigned to popular music.]
Subject headings for liturgical music are added when applicable. Most are given in the singular, with no medium of performance:
Holy-week music.
Magnificat (Music)
Nunc dimittis (Music)
Song of Solomon (Music)
Christmas music.
These headings can also be assigned to instrumental music.
The subject heading "Psalms (Music)" is given in the plural, with no medium of performance. When appropriate, subdivide the heading by the specific psalm:
650 0 Psalms (Music) ‡v 23rd Psalm
The numbering in subject headings for psalms follows the Authorized version (e.g., the Hebrew and Protestant Bible) and to the table under BS1450 in the LC Classification schedule. Wikipedia [57] gives a summary:
Hebrew (and Protestant) |
Greek/Latin (Catholic) |
1–8 9-10 11-113 114-115 116 117-146 147 148-150 |
1–8 9 10–112 113 114–115 116–145 146–147 148–150 |
Instrumental accompaniment of vocal works | |
A single instrument is named following the word "with": | _________________________ with accordion
_________________________ with violoncello |
The name of two of the same keyboard instrument follows the word "with" and is qualified with "(2)": | _________________________ with pianos (2)
_________________________ with harpsichords (2) |
Use "keyboard instrument ensemble" when there are two different keyboard instruments: |
_________________________ with keyboard instrument ensemble |
When there are » two or more of the same non-keyboard instrument OR » two or more non-keyboard instruments from the same instrumental family [8] use the instrumental family name followed by "ensemble": |
_________________________ with string ensemble This would include string quartets, quintets, etc. _________________________ with woodwind ensemble This would include woodwind quartets, quintets, etc. |
When there are two or more instruments from different instrumental families (one to a part), use "instrumental ensemble": | _________________________ with instrumental ensemble |
When there are two or more instruments from different instrumental families (two or more to a part), use the name of the ensemble: | _________________________ with orchestra
_________________________ with band |
When there are two or more of the same solo instruments (one to a part), use the name of that instrument followed by "ensemble": | _________________________ with violoncello ensemble |
Works for one voice with or without accompaniment See also Songs vs. solo cantatas [58]
Songs | |
The heading "Songs" implies secular; for sacred works use "Sacred songs". Note that "Sacred songs" is not in inverted order | Songs
Sacred songs |
The range of the solo voice, when known, is indicated as high, medium, or low.
Even if the specific voice type is known, it is not designated in a subject heading, unlike in a uniform title, in which either specific voice type or vocal range may be indicated. |
Songs (High voice)
Sacred songs (Low voice) |
Other forms | |
Variations (Voice ...) | |
Accompaniment | |
Unaccompanied | |
Unaccompanied songs are qualified as such: | Songs (Medium voice), Unaccompanied |
Accompanied | |
Accompaniment is indicated by the phrase "with __________." | |
Accompaniment of one instrument: | Songs (High voice) with piano
Sacred songs (Low voice) with violoncello |
Accompaniment of one to two keyboard instruments: | Songs (High voice) with pianos (2)
Sacred songs (Medium voice) with organs (2) |
Accompaniment of one keyboard instrument and one non-keyboard instrument OR two or more non-keyboard instruments is indicated as "instrumental ensemble" "Instrumental ensemble" could mean piano and violin; or flute and harp; or string quartet; or four horns. Indicating each would be incorrect: |
Songs (High voice) with instrumental ensemble Variations (Voice with instrumental ensemble) Songs (High voice) with Songs (High voice) with |
Solo cantatas | |
The heading "Solo cantatas" implies neither secular nor sacred. Both must be indicated, and the headings are in inverted form. |
Solo cantatas, Secular
Solo cantatas, Sacred |
The range of the solo voice, when known, is indicated as high, medium, or low.
Even if the specific voice type is known, it is not designated in a subject heading. |
Solo cantatas, Secular (High voice)
Solo cantatas, Sacred (Low voice) |
Accompaniment | |
Accompaniment for solo cantatas is not indicated in the subject heading. |
Works for two or more voices, one to a part See also Vocal ensembles [59]
Form headings | |
These are some of the form headings for works for two or more solo voices: | |
Part songs | |
The heading "Part songs" implies secular. For sacred works use "Part songs, Sacred." Note that it is in inverted order |
Part songs Part songs, Sacred |
For secular Part songs all in one language, qualify the heading by that language. | Part songs, English |
Latin is implied in the heading "Part songs, Sacred" | Part songs, Sacred not: Part songs, Sacred, Latin |
For sacred Part songs in other languages are assigned 2 headings: | Part songs, Sacred Part songs, English |
Specific forms of Part songs | |
These headings may also be used for works for choral ensemble (two or more voices, two or more to a part). Accompaniment is not indicated in subject headings for Part songs or any of the specific types of Part songs. |
|
Secular: | Polyphonic chansons |
Sacred: | Motets Anthems |
Other forms | |
Canons, fugues, etc. (Vocal quartet) | |
Medium of performance headings | |
The headings "Vocal duets," "Vocal trios," "Vocal quartets," etc. are used for groups of two to nine solo voices. For ten or more solo voices, use "Vocal ensembles." Neither the vocal range nor voice type is designated. These headings imply secular works. For sacred works, use "Sacred vocal duets," "Sacred vocal trios," "Sacred vocal quartets," etc., and "Sacred vocal ensembles" | |
Secular: | Vocal duets Vocal quintets Vocal ensembles |
Sacred: | Sacred vocal duets Sacred vocal quintets Sacred vocal ensembles |
Accompaniment | |
Unaccompanied works are qualified as such: | Vocal duets, Unaccompanied Sacred vocal quintets, Unaccompanied Sacred vocal ensembles, Unaccompanied |
Accompaniment is indicated by the phrase "with __________." | |
Accompaniment of one instrument: | Vocal sextets with piano
Sacred vocal quartets with harp Vocal ensembles with guitar |
Accompaniment of one to two keyboard instruments: | Sacred vocal trios with pianos (2)
Vocal quartets with harpsichords (2) |
Accompaniment of one keyboard instrument and one non-keyboard instrument OR two or more non-keyboard instruments is indicated as "instrumental ensemble" "Instrumental ensemble" could mean piano and violin; or flute and harp; or string quartet; or four horns. Indicating each would be incorrect: |
Vocal trios with instrumental ensemble
Vocal trios with |
Works for two or more voices, two or more to a part See also Choruses vs. cantatas [60]
Choruses See also Those darn chorus subject headings! [11] | |
The heading "Choruses" implies neither secular nor sacred and is used without designation of secular or sacred for collections of both secular and sacred works. | |
For individual works or collections that are either secular or sacred, the term "secular" or "sacred" is added to the heading, in inverted form. | |
Collections for more than one voice grouping which do not all have the same accompaniment: Do not add: voice grouping number of voices accompaniment Do not consider solo voices in formulating subject headings for choruses. |
Choruses, Secular
Choruses, Sacred |
Single works and collections for one voice grouping: Add: voice grouping mixed voices, women's voices, men's voices, children's voices, equal voices, unison [not unison voices] number of voices may be added. Do not consider solo voices in formulating subject headings for choruses. |
Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices) Choruses, Secular (Equal voices) Choruses, Sacred (Children's voices) |
Number of voices is indicated only when these conditions apply: a. 8 parts or fewer AND b. accompaniment of either one instrument (i.e., piano, violoncello, harp, etc.) two of the same keyboard instrument continuo OR c. unaccompanied |
Choruses, Secular (Women's voices, 4 parts) with piano
Choruses, Sacred (Men's voices, 4 parts) with pianos (2) Choruses, Secular (Children's voices, 3 parts), Unaccompanied. |
Accompaniment | |
Unaccompanied choruses are qualified as such: | Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts), Unaccompanied
Choruses, Sacred (Men's voices), Unaccompanied |
Accompaniment is indicated by the phrase "with __________." | Choruses, Sacred (Women's voices) with piano
Choruses with organ Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts) with violoncello |
Accompaniment of one or two of the same keyboard instrument: | Choruses, Sacred (Men's voices, 5 parts) with pianos (2)) |
Accompaniment of two different keyboard instruments (indicated as "keyboard instrument ensemble"): | Choruses, Sacred (Men's voices) with keyboard instrument ensemble |
Accompaniment of one keyboard instrument and one non-keyboard instrument OR two or more non-keyboard instruments is indicated as "instrumental ensemble" "Instrumental ensemble" could mean piano and violin; or flute and harp; or string quartet; or four horns. Indicating each would be incorrect; use "keyboard instrument ensemble" for two or more different keyboard instruments. The number of vocal parts is not indicated when the accompaniment is two or more instruments (other than two of the same keyboard instrument or continuo) |
Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices) with instrumental ensemble
Choruses, Sacred (Children's voices) with instrumental ensemble |
Cantatas | |
The heading "Cantatas" implies neither secular nor sacred and is used without designation of secular or sacred for collections of both secular and sacred works. | |
For individual works or collections that are either secular or sacred, the term "secular" or "sacred" is added to the heading, in inverted form. | |
Collections for mixed voices or for more than one voice grouping and Single works for mixed voices |
Cantatas, Secular
Cantatas, Sacred |
Single works and collections for one voice grouping other than mixed voices Add: voice grouping (other than "mixed voices") women's voices, men's voices, children's voices, equal voices, unison [not unison voices] The number of voices is not designated in subject headings for cantatas. |
Cantatas, Secular (Women's voices)
Cantatas, Sacred (Unison) |
Accompaniment | |
Type of accompaniment or lack of accompaniment is not designated in subject headings for cantatas. | |
Oratorios | |
The heading "Oratorios" implies a sacred text. The heading is used without the designation "sacred." For oratorios with secular texts, use "Secular oratorios." Unlike the subject headings for choruses and cantatas, the heading is in direct order (not "Oratorios, Secular) |
|
Vocal grouping (mixed voices, women's voices, etc.) is not indicated in subject headings for oratorios. | |
Accompaniment | |
Type of accompaniment or lack of accompaniment is not designated in subject headings for oratorios. | |
Works with accompaniment reduced for a keyboard instrument include the subject subdivision [55] "Vocal scores with ..." |
Oratorios ‡v Vocal scores with organ Secular oratorios ‡v Vocal scores with piano |
Other forms | |
Works in a specific form are assigned with the medium of performance "Chorus" added. | Canons, fugues, etc. (Chorus ...) Waltzes (Chorus ...) Polkas (Chorus ...) |
Accompaniment | |
Unaccompanied works are not indicated as such:
Accompaniment is indicated by the phrase "with __________." |
Canons, fugues, etc. (Chorus) Rondos (Chorus) Waltzes (Chorus) Polkas (Chorus with orchestra) Waltzes (Chorus with piano) Waltzes (Chorus with piano, 4 hands) |
equal voices: voices of the same type when employed in a polyphonic work, e.g., all sopranos or all tenors; sometimes also merely all male or all female (New Harvard Dictionary of Music)
The qualifier "unaccompanied" is used with vocal music subject headings except for with these forms: cantatas, musicals, operas, oratorios or with subject headings in which lack of accompaniment is already implied (e.g., Canons, fugues, etc. (Voices (3))
Do not add "Unaccompanied" to parenthetical qualifiers in headings of this type (for two or more solo voices) when voice is the sole medium of performance (H1917.5, 8)
Musical: a theatrical production consisting of musical numbers (songs, ensembles, and dances) integrated into a dramatic framework
Revue: a theatrical production featuring a series of songs, dances, and other entertainments without any unifying dramatic element
The qualifier "Arranged" is not used with vocal music subject headings.
The subject heading is assigned for the medium into which the work has been arranged.
A work originally for high voice and harp, arranged for voice and piano: | |
Correct: | Songs (High voice) with piano |
Incorrect: | Songs (High voice) with piano, Arranged. |
A work originally for chorus and orchestra; arranged for chorus and organ |
|
Correct: | Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices) with orchestra ‡v Vocal scores with organ. |
Incorrect: | Choruses, Sacred (Mixed voices) with organ, Arranged. |
However, LC is using "Arranged" in the subject heading "Oratorios": |
|
An oratorio with accompaniment originally for piano or organ, arranged for orchestra | |
Oratorios, Arranged. |
Qualifying by language of text
Source: LC Subject Cataloging Manual H 1916.3
Vocal works are qualified by the language of the text when they are:
Vocal works are not qualified by the language of the text when they:
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
See also: Music subject headings for instrumental music [3] and vocal music [4]
Coding for form and topic subdivisions [9]
Subdivisions may bring out topical, geographic, chronological, or form aspects.
° Free-floating subdivision for musical format
° Geographical subdivision of music form/genre headings
° Subdivisions frequently used in subject headings for personal names
° Qualifiers and subdivisions for instrumental music (Arranged, Instrumental settings)
° Qualifying by language of text [61]
Free-floating subdivision for musical format Chronological subdivisions | Musical presentation and medium of performance subdivisions
The following chronological subdivisions are valid for use with music form or genre subject headings or with subject headings for collections of Western art music by two or more composers devoted to a specific period or century:
‡y To 500 ‡y 500-1400 ‡y 15th century ‡y 16th century ‡y 17th century ‡y 18th century ‡y 19th century ‡y 20th century ‡y 21st century |
Note that ‡y To 1800 is not a valid subdivision, but once was.
Note that ‡v Early works to 1800 [62] is not a chronological subdivision, but a form/topical subdivision [9]. Chronological subdivisions combining centuries, such as "‡y 15th-16th centuries," are not permitted |
These chronological subdivisions are not valid for use under form/genre headings for musical works:
° when the period or century is referred to only in a series statement
° for works by one composer
° for individual musical works
° in headings for folk or non-Western music
° following the subdivisions --Hymns; --Music; --Musical settings; and --Songs and music
See also Chronological subdivisions for popular music [10].
Musical presentation and medium of performance subdivisions:
The table below includes the list of free-floating musical presentation and medium of performance subdivisions.
Free-floating musical presentation and medium of performance subdivisions | |||
‡v 2-harpsichord scores ‡v 2-piano scores ‡v 3-piano scores ‡v Chorus scores with organ |
‡v Parts ‡v Parts (solo) ‡v Scores ‡v Organ scores |
‡v Solo with harpsichord ‡v Solo with harpsichord and piano ‡v Solo with keyboard instrument ‡v Solo(s) with organ ‡v Solo(s) with piano ‡v Solo(s) with pianos (2) ‡v Cadenzas ‡v Orchestral excerpts |
‡v Vocal scores with accordion ‡v Vocal scores with continuo ‡v Vocal scores with guitar ‡v Vocal scores with harpsichord ‡v Vocal scores with keyboard instrument ‡v Vocal scores with organ ‡v Vocal scores with organ and piano ‡v Vocal scores with piano ‡v Vocal scores with piano (4 hands) ‡v Vocal scores with pianos (2) ‡v Vocal scores without accompaniment |
‡v 2- piano scores and ‡v Solo(s) with pianos (2) when used for works for solo instrument(s) and accompaniment of larger ensemble: Use "‡v 2-piano scores" when the solo instrument is one type of keyboard instrument and the accompaniment has been arranged for that same instrument: Concertos (Piano) ‡v 2-piano scores Passacaglias (Piano with orchestra) ‡v 2-piano scores Concertos (Harpsichord) ‡v 2-harpsichord scores However, when the solo instrument is one type of keyboard instrument, and the accompaniment is arranged for another type of keyboard instrument, use "‡v Solo(s) with (2)" ‡v 2-piano scores, ‡v 2-harpsichord scores, ‡v 2-organ scores, etc., are also used in subject headings for large works such as operas, ballets, etc.: Ballets "‡v 2-organ scores Operas ‡v 2-piano scores. |
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‡v Excerpts is used as a form subdivision under motion picture forms and genres and under forms and types of musical compositions, but not under headings for medium of performance. ‡v Excerpts, Arranged is used as a form subdivision under forms and types of musical compositions, but not under headings for medium of performance. |
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‡v Instructive editions vs. ‡v Teaching pieces: From Glossary and General Guidelines [63] of Class M (Music): Instructive edition: "an edition of a work heavily annotated with textual instructions about how to practice and interpret various passages. Do not class as instructive editions those that merely contain standard interpretive markings, fingering, etc., whether the composer's own or subsequently added." Teaching piece: "a work composed principally for pedagogical purposes." |
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‡v Parts (solo): "Parts (solo)" is used for the solo part(s) in a concertante work. ‡v Scores and parts (solo) is used for the full score of a concertante work and the soloist's part only. |
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‡v Piano scores is used for arrangements for solo piano of works originally in a different medium of performance. This concept also applies to ‡v Piano scores (4 hands) (as opposed to the heading Piano music (4 hands), which is for original music for piano, 4 hands) and ‡v Organ scores. |
These subdivisions can be used in subject headings for: | |||||
° printed music; the only free-floating subdivisions authorized for use with sound recordings in LCSH are headings for concertante work in which the orchestral accompaniment has been arranged for one or two keyboard instruments (e.g., piano, pianos (2), etc.): ‡ Solo with _________. | |||||
° collections of musical works or to individual musical works where the medium of performance is generally stated or implicit | |||||
° specific form/genre headings | |||||
° works for for 2 or more instruments and performers Examples: Oboe and violin music ‡v Scores. Piano music (Pianos (2)) ‡v Scores. |
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° these collective headings: Chamber music Dramatic music Instrumental music Sacred vocal music Vocal music |
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These subdivisions cannot be used in subject headings for: | |||||
° headings for music of special seasons, occasions, or styles, etc., or for specific texts that neither state nor imply medium of performance, in which the medium is not directly stated or implied. Examples: Christmas music Country music Te Deum laudamus (Music) |
° the following vocal forms and types:
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° headings for types of works that are generally published in only one musical presentation or format:
|
° the following vocal music forms and types when the works are unaccompanied, accompanied by one instrument, accompanied by continuo, or accompanied by two keyboard instruments:
|
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° the subdivisions --Hymns; --Music; --Musical settings; and --Songs and music |
Geographical subdivision of music form/genre headings:
H 364 of the Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings (SCM): Headings for musical form/genre [64] and for medium of performance [38] may be subdivided geographically, to be assigned according to the following guidelines:
Geographic subdivisions are not used:
Don't confuse place with language.
correct: | Songs, English ‡z United States |
incorrect: | Songs, American. |
Subdivisions frequently used in subject headings for personal names
Subdivision | Instructions for use |
‡v Musical settings | use when a literary work has been set to music with no collaboration between composer and author. Do not include a ‡t with the title of the work that has been set to music. Songs and choruses frequently fall into this category. Make an added entry for the author as well. Opera librettists, who usually collaborated with the composer, are not assigned a subject heading.) |
‡v Songs and music | use when a non-dramatic composition (such as an oratorio) is about a person. |
‡v Drama | use when a dramatic composition (operas, ballets, etc.) is about a person. |
‡v Songs and music may also be used with topical subject headings: | |
650 0 Seasons ‡v Songs and music. 650 0 Robin Hood (Legendary character) ‡v Songs and music. |
Subdivisions for subject headings for vocal music [4]
These subdivisions are used when the accompaniment has been reduced:
‡v Vocal scores with .
‡v Chorus scores with .
These subdivisions are used when the accompaniment has been omitted:
‡v Vocal scores without accompaniment.
‡v Chorus scores without accompaniment.
Qualifiers and subdivisions for instrumental music
Arranged: Subject Cataloging Manual section H 1160 prescribes the use of the qualifier "Arranged" for subject headings for instrumental music only. It is not added to headings for vocal music, such as songs and choruses. (For subject headings for arranged vocal works, see Subject headings for vocal music; Arrangements [65].) Add "Arranged" to a heading for the medium for which the piece has been arranged. However, the original medium of performance is used in the uniform title. These uniform title/subject heading combinations would be possible:
Original medium = flutes; arranged medium = clarinets: | |
uniform title | Trio, ‡m flutes (3), ‡r A major; ‡o arranged |
subject heading | Woodwind trios (Clarinets (3)), Arranged. |
Original medium = violin and orchestra; arranged medium = viola and orchestra: | |
uniform title | Concertos, ‡m violin, orchestra, ‡n op. 61, ‡r D major; ‡o arranged |
subject heading | Concertos (Viola), Arranged. |
Original medium = chorus and orchestra; arranged medium = brass quintet: | |
uniform title | Messiah. ‡p Hallelujah; ‡o arranged |
subject heading | Brass quintets (Horn, trombone, trumpets (2), tuba), Arranged. |
‡v Instrumental settings: Use ‡v Instrumental settings after headings for vocal music that has been arranged for instruments:
Original medium = voice; arranged medium = woodwind trio: | |
Folk songs ‡v Instrumental settings. | Woodwind trios (Bassoon, flute, oboe), Arranged. |
Original medium = voice, arranged medium = string quartet: | |
Spirituals (Songs) ‡v Instrumental settings. | String quartets, Arranged. |
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
See also: Subject headings for instrumental music [3] and vocal music [4] | Coding for form and topic subdivisions [9]
Subdivisions may bring out topical, geographic, chronological, or form aspects.
° Free-floating subdivision for musical format
° Geographical subdivision of music form/genre headings
° Subdivisions frequently used in subject headings for personal names
° Qualifiers and subdivisions for instrumental music (Arranged, Instrumental settings)
° Qualifying by language of text [61]
Free-floating subdivision for musical format Chronological subdivisions | Musical presentation and medium of performance subdivisions
The following chronological subdivisions are valid for use with music form or genre subject headings or with subject headings for collections of Western art music by two or more composers devoted to a specific period or century:
‡y To 500 ‡y 500-1400 ‡y 15th century ‡y 16th century ‡y 17th century ‡y 18th century ‡y 19th century ‡y 20th century ‡y 21st century |
Note that ‡y To 1800 is not a valid subdivision, but once was. Note that ‡v Early works to 1800 [62] is not a chronological subdivision, but a form/topical subdivision [9]. Chronological subdivisions combining centuries, such as "‡y 15th-16th centuries," are not permitted |
These chronological subdivisions are not valid for use under form/genre headings for musical works:
° when the period or century is referred to only in a series statement
° for works by one composer
° for individual musical works
° in headings for folk or non-Western music
° following the subdivisions --Hymns; --Music; --Musical settings; and --Songs and music
See also Chronological subdivisions for popular music [10].
Musical presentation and medium of performance subdivisions:
The table below includes the list of free-floating musical presentation and medium of performance subdivisions.
Free-floating musical presentation and medium of performance subdivisions | |||
‡v 2-harpsichord scores ‡v Chorus scores with organ |
‡v Parts ‡v Scores ‡v Organ scores |
‡v Solo with harpsichord ‡v Cadenzas ‡v Orchestral excerpts |
‡v Vocal scores with accordion ‡v Vocal scores with continuo ‡v Vocal scores with guitar ‡v Vocal scores with harpsichord ‡v Vocal scores with keyboard instrument ‡v Vocal scores with organ ‡v Vocal scores with organ and piano ‡v Vocal scores with piano ‡v Vocal scores with piano (4 hands) ‡v Vocal scores with pianos (2) ‡v Vocal scores without accompaniment |
‡v 2- piano scores and ‡v Solo(s) with pianos (2) when used for works for solo instrument(s) and accompaniment of larger ensemble: Use "‡v 2-piano scores" when the solo instrument is one type of keyboard instrument and the accompaniment has been arranged for that same instrument: Concertos (Piano) ‡v 2-piano scores Passacaglias (Piano with orchestra) ‡v 2-piano scores Concertos (Harpsichord) ‡v 2-harpsichord scores However, when the solo instrument is one type of keyboard instrument, and the accompaniment is arranged for another type of keyboard instrument, use "‡v Solo(s) with ______ (2)" ‡v 2-piano scores, ‡v 2-harpsichord scores, ‡v 2-organ scores, etc., are also used in subject headings for large works such as operas, ballets, etc.: Ballets ‡v 2-organ scores Operas ‡v 2-piano scores. |
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‡v Excerpts is used as a form subdivision under motion picture forms and genres and under forms and types of musical compositions, but not under headings for medium of performance. ‡v Excerpts, Arranged is used as a form subdivision under forms and types of musical compositions, but not under headings for medium of performance. |
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‡v Instructive editions vs. ‡v Teaching pieces: From Glossary and General Guidelines [63] of Class M (Music): Instructive edition: "an edition of a work heavily annotated with textual instructions about how to practice and interpret various passages. Do not class as instructive editions those that merely contain standard interpretive markings, fingering, etc., whether the composer's own or subsequently added." Teaching piece: "a work composed principally for pedagogical purposes." |
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‡v Parts (solo): "Parts (solo)" is used for the solo part(s) in a concertante work. ‡v Scores and parts (solo) is used for the full score of a concertante work and the soloist's part only. |
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‡v Piano scores is used for arrangements for solo piano of works originally in a different medium of performance. This concept also applies to ‡v Piano scores (4 hands) (as opposed to the heading Piano music (4 hands), which is for original music for piano, 4 hands) and ‡v Organ scores. |
These subdivisions can be used in subject headings for: | |||||
° printed music; the only free-floating subdivisions authorized for use with sound recordings in LCSH are headings for concertante work in which the orchestral accompaniment has been arranged for one or two keyboard instruments (e.g., piano, pianos (2), etc.): ‡ Solo with _________. | |||||
° collections of musical works or to individual musical works where the medium of performance is generally stated or implicit | |||||
° specific form/genre headings | |||||
° works for 2 or more instruments and performers Examples: Oboe and violin music ‡v Scores. Piano music (Pianos (2)) ‡v Scores. |
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° these collective headings: Chamber music Dramatic music Instrumental music Sacred vocal music Vocal music |
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These subdivisions cannot be used in subject headings for: | |||||
° headings for music of special seasons, occasions, or styles, etc., or for specific texts that neither state nor imply medium of performance, in which the medium is not directly stated or implied. Examples: Christmas music Country music Te Deum laudamus (Music) |
° the following vocal forms and types:
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° headings for types of works that are generally published in only one musical presentation or format:
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° the following vocal music forms and types when the works are unaccompanied, accompanied by one instrument, accompanied by continuo, or accompanied by two keyboard instruments:
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° under headings with following the subdivisions --Hymns; --Music; --Musical settings; and --Songs and music |
Geographical subdivision of music form/genre headings:
H 364 of the Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings (SCM): Headings for musical form/genre [64] and for medium of performance [38] may be subdivided geographically, to be assigned according to the following guidelines:
Geographic subdivisions are not used:
Don't confuse place with language.
correct: | Songs, English ‡z United States |
incorrect: | Songs, American. |
Subdivisions frequently used in subject headings for personal names
Subdivision | Instructions for use |
‡v Musical settings | use when a literary work has been set to music with no collaboration between composer and author. Do not include a ‡t with the title of the work that has been set to music. Songs and choruses frequently fall into this category. Make an added entry for the author as well. Opera librettists, who usually collaborated with the composer, are not assigned a subject heading.) |
‡v Songs and music | use when a non-dramatic composition (such as an oratorio) is about a person. |
‡v Drama | use when a dramatic composition (operas, ballets, etc.) is about a person. |
‡v Songs and music may also be used with topical subject headings: | |
650 0 Seasons ‡v Songs and music. 650 0 Robin Hood (Legendary character) ‡v Songs and music. |
Subdivisions for subject headings for vocal music [4]
These subdivisions are used when the accompaniment has been reduced:
‡v Vocal scores with .
‡v Chorus scores with .
These subdivisions are used when the accompaniment has been omitted:
‡v Vocal scores without accompaniment.
‡v Chorus scores without accompaniment.
Qualifiers and subdivisions for instrumental music
Arranged: Subject Cataloging Manual section H 1160 prescribes the use of the qualifier "Arranged" for subject headings for instrumental music only. It is not added to headings for vocal music, such as songs and choruses. (For subject headings for arranged vocal works, see Subject headings for vocal music; Arrangements [65].) Add "Arranged" to a heading for the medium for which the piece has been arranged. However, the original medium of performance is used in the uniform title. These uniform title/subject heading combinations would be possible:
Original medium = flutes; arranged medium = clarinets: | |
uniform title | Trio, ‡m flutes (3), ‡r A major; ‡o arranged |
subject heading | Woodwind trios (Clarinets (3)), Arranged. |
Original medium = violin and orchestra; arranged medium = viola and orchestra: | |
uniform title | Concertos, ‡m violin, orchestra, ‡n op. 61, ‡r D major; ‡o arranged |
subject heading | Concertos (Viola), Arranged. |
Original medium = chorus and orchestra; arranged medium = brass quintet: | |
uniform title | Messiah. ‡p Hallelujah; ‡o arranged |
subject heading | Brass quintets (Horn, trombone, trumpets (2), tuba), Arranged. |
‡v Instrumental settings: Use ‡v Instrumental settings after headings for vocal music that has been arranged for instruments:
Original medium = voice; arranged medium = woodwind trio: | |
Folk songs ‡v Instrumental settings. | Woodwind trios (Bassoon, flute, oboe), Arranged. |
Original medium = voice, arranged medium = string quartet: | |
Spirituals (Songs) ‡v Instrumental settings. | String quartets, Arranged. |
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
The order of instruments is by instrument family, then within each family:
The LC Subject Cataloging Manual instruction sheet 1917.5, Music form/genre headings: medium of performance, under 2. Solo instruments in headings: Order of solo instruments gives the following instructions:
Assign the names of up to nine solo instruments in the following order:
1. keyboard instruments,
2. wind instruments,
3. plucked instruments,
4. percussion, electronic, and other instruments,
5. bowed stringed instruments,
6. unspecified instruments,
7. continuo.
Within each category, give the instruments in alphabetical order with the exception of bowed stringed instruments; give these in score order, high to low, basing the order on the range of each instrument as described in standard music reference sources.
Instrument family | Comments | Order within family | ||
Keyboard (includes electronic equivalents) |
harpsichord organ piano |
For a more complete list of keyboard instruments, see Keyboard instruments [66] accordion and celesta are to be considered keyboard instruments for the purposes of subject headings. (Bandoneon, bayan, and concertina are also being considered a keyboard instrument.) Continuo is given as the last element of the subject element rather than as a keyboard instrument. |
alphabetical order | |
Winds | Woodwinds | flute oboe clarinet saxophone bassoon |
For a more complete list of woodwinds, see Woodwind instruments [67] | alphabetical order Alphabetize the names before adding "s" for plural: use oboes (2), oboe d'amore not oboe d'amore, oboes (2) because "oboe" (in the singular) would alphabetize before "oboe d'amore" |
Brasses | horn trumpet trombone baritone tuba |
For a more complete list of brasses, see Brass instruments [68] | alphabetical order | |
Plucked (includes electronic equivalents) |
harp guitar lute mandolin |
For a more complete list of plucked instruments, see Plucked instruments [69] | alphabetical order | |
Percussion, electronic, and other | drum celeste gong marimba vibraphone xylophone |
"Other" includes bagpipes, bandoneon, carillon, cimbalon, harmonica, hurdy-gurdy, zither, etc. Computer, electronics, synthesizer, and electronic instruments that do not have acoustic equivalents (e.g., ondes Martenot) also fall in this category. Non-musical instruments [70] (e.g., glass music, balloon, etc.) are included here. For a more complete list, see M145-M175 in Class M. Note: accordion and celesta are no longer considered percussion instruments for the purposes of subject headings. |
alphabetical order | |
Bowed strings | violin viola cello double bass |
For a more complete list of strings, see Stringed instruments [71] | score order: violin, viola, cello, double bass Note: based on LC practice, the order of modern and early bowed string instruments is: » violin, lyra viol, viol, viola d'amore, viola, viola da gamba, cello, violone, double bass » pardessus de viole precedes viola d'amore » viola d'amore precedes viola da gamba » baryton is placed inconsistently in LC practice |
|
unspecified | ||||
continuo |
Accordion and celesta previously were considered to be percussion instruments. The Library of Congress Cataloging Policy and Support Office Weekly subject heading list 13 (March 31, 2004) [72] reported the change in order of accordion in sh8594021 and Weekly subject heading list 17 (April 28, 2004) [73] announced the change in the subject authority record for celesta (sh85-21624) from "classified as a metallophone" to "regarded by New Grove as a keyboard instrument" and "played by the pianist."
violoncello/cello: On 2/21/13, The Library of Congress Policy and Standards Division announced that they will revise subject headings that include the word "violoncello" and "violoncellos" to "cello" and "cellos" and its derivatives (e.g., Violoncello makers, Violoncellists) to reflect RDA's preference for the word "cello."
"Other" instruments:
In LC class M175.A-Z, the following instruments are among those listed under "Percussion instruments. Other instruments":
accordion, autopharp, bandoneon, dulcimer, harmonica, hurdy-gurdy, Jew's harp, musical saw
In LC class ML1083-1091, the following instruments are listed as "other":
accordion, bandoneon, concertina, glass harmonica, hurdy-gurdy, Jew's harp, mouth organs (including harmonica)
Glass harmonica, hurdy-gurdy, and Jew's harp are consistently treated as "other":
sh 85109528 Quartets (Flute, glass harmonica, viola, cello)
sh 85109941 Quintets (Flute, oboe, glass harmonica, viola, cello)
97702161 Quintets (Piano, glass harmonica, percussion, violin, cello)
90755006 Quintets (Harpsichord, recorder, trumpet, hurdy-gurdy, cello)
sh 85010975 Bagpipe and hurdy-gurdy music
sh 87002867 Hurdy-gurdy and violin music
sh 85092265 Nonets (Clarinets (2), horns (2), hurdy-gurdies (2), violas (2), cello)
sh 86007666 Concertos (Mandola and Jew's harp with string orchestra)
sh2003010592 Mandola and Jew's harp music
However, accordion, bandoneon, and concertina are considered keyboard instruments in subject headings. In recent LC original cataloging (but not LC copy cataloging), LC consistently treats these instruments as keyboard instruments:
2005441595 Quintets (Bandoneon, piano, electric guitar, violin, double bass)
2005441519 Sextets (Bandoneon, piano, saxophone, guitar, percussion, double bass)
97702511 Octets (Accordion, piano, clarinet, flute, guitar, mandolin, percussion, double bass)
2005530240 Nonets (Bandoneon, piano, electric guitar, harp, violins (2), viola, cello, double bass)
Older LC original cataloging that was recently revised also follows this practice:
87752935 Trios (Accordion, piano, flute)
87752905 Trios (Accordion, piano, percussion)
87752935 Quartets (Accordion, piano, violin, cello)
Music Cataloging at Yale [1] ♪ Subject cataloging [30]
See also Music subject headings for vocal music: Works for two or more voices, two or more to a part [74]
Subject headings for vocal ensembles and solos (choruses vs. cantatas and songs vs. solo cantatas) [12]
NOTE: It is practice in the Yale Music Library to not add the number of voices to any chorus subject heading.
For more information, see Local practice in 6XX fields [7].
Number of voices: | Accompaniment: |
Indicate number of parts? |
Add subdivision ‡v Scores? |
8 or fewer | ° unaccompanied OR the accompaniment is: ° not indicated; ° for continuo; ° for solo instrument; ° for two of the same keyboard* instrument, |
YES (see Local practice in 6XX fields [7] for Yale Music Library practice) |
NO |
8 or fewer | ° two or more instruments (other than continuo or two of the same* keyboard instrument) |
NO |
YES |
9 or more | ° unaccompanied OR the accompaniment is: ° not indicated; ° for continuo; ° for solo instrument; ° for two of the same keyboard* instrument, |
NO
|
NO |
9 or more | ° two or more instruments (other than continuo or two of the same* keyboard instrument) |
NO |
YES |
*In the 680 field in the subject authority record for "Choruses" (sh 85024772), no. 5 was changed from "for 2 keyboard instruments" to "2 of the same keyboard instrument" as per the Library of Congress subject headings weekly list 41 (October 8, 2008)
Examples | |
Incorrect
Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts) with piano ‡v Scores. Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts) with instrumental ensemble. Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 16 parts), Unaccompanied. |
Correct
Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts) with piano Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices) with instrumental ensemble [add the subdivision ‡v Scores when appropriate.] Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices), Unaccompanied. Choruses, Secular (Mixed voices, 4 parts) with piano. |
Links
[1] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music
[2] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/scmpages
[3] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subinstr
[4] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subvocal
[5] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subjsubd
[6] http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/musicws.pdf
[7] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/local6xx
[8] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/instr650
[9] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subdcode
[10] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/shjzzpop
[11] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/darnchor
[12] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/chorcant
[13] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/types-composition-and-lc-subject-headings
[14] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/lcgft
[15] https://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/resource/resmgr/BCC_Resources/BPsForUsingLCGFT_Music.pdf
[16] http://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/resource/resmgr/BCC_Genre_Form_Task_Force/Hierarchy1506.pdf
[17] http://bcc.musiclibraryassoc.org/SAS/SAS-genre_form.html
[18] http://musicgenrepublicforum.pbworks.com/w/page/21942009/FrontPage
[19] http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/genreformgeneral.html
[20] http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/genre_form_faq.pdf
[21] http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/genremusic.html
[22] http://www.hahnlibrary.net/libraries/formgenre-categorized.html#music
[23] http://www.loc.gov/aba/cataloging/subject/weeklylists/
[24] https://vimeo.com/121087033
[25] http://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/
[26] http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html
[27] http://classificationweb.net/approved/
[28] http://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/saco/documents/SACOManual2007.pdf
[29] http://www.lib.usm.edu/techserv/cat/tools/formsubv
[30] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subject-cataloging
[31] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subjsubd#chron
[32] http://www.itcompany.com/inforetriever/form_subdivisions_list.htm
[33] https://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/relationshipdesgi
[34] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H0080.pdf
[35] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/freeshm.html
[36] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1916_3.pdf
[37] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1917_5.pdf
[38] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subinstr#medperf
[39] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subvocal#medium
[40] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1916_5.pdf
[41] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1917.pdf
[42] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1918.pdf
[43] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1438.pdf
[44] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1110.pdf
[45] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1160.pdf
[46] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H1161.pdf
[47] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H2075.pdf
[48] http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeSHM/H2190.pdf
[49] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/instr650#cello
[50] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subvocal#unaccompanied
[51] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/comparison-of-uniform-titles-and-preferred-titles#chamber
[52] http://66.170.18.227/mcb/vol-44-2013/MCB%202013-01.html#questions
[53] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/types-composition-and-lc-subject-headings#arrangements
[54] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subjunif#arrangements
[55] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subjsubd#muspres
[56] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/local6xx#darnchor
[57] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms#Numbering
[58] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/chorcant#songs
[59] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/chorcant#ensembles
[60] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/chorcant#choruses
[61] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subvocal#text
[62] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subdcode#early
[63] http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/class_m.html
[64] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subinstr#instform
[65] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subvocal#arrangements
[66] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/instname#keyboard
[67] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/instname#woodwind
[68] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/instname#brass
[69] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/instname#pluck
[70] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subinstr#noninstr
[71] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/instname#string
[72] http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/wls04/awls0413.html
[73] http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/wls04/awls0417.html
[74] http://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/subvocal#2voice2part